Einstein and Euler put to the test at the edge of the Universe

Date:
June 22, 2023
Source:
Universite' de Gene`ve
Summary:
The cosmos is a unique laboratory for testing the laws of physics,
in particular those of Euler and Einstein. Euler described the
movements of celestial objects, while Einstein described the
way in which celestial objects distort the Universe. Since the
discovery of dark matter and the acceleration of the Universe's
expansion, the validity of their equations has been put to the
test: are they capable of explaining these mysterious phenomena? A
team has developed the first method to find out. It considers a
never-before-used measure: time distortion.


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FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The cosmos is a unique laboratory for testing the laws of physics, in particular those of Euler and Einstein. Euler described the movements of celestial objects, while Einstein described the way in which celestial
objects distort the Universe. Since the discovery of dark matter and the acceleration of the Universe's expansion, the validity of their equations
has been put to the test: are they capable of explaining these mysterious phenomena? A team from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) has developed
the first method to find out. It considers a never-before-used measure:
time distortion. The results are published in Nature Astronomy.

The theories of Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) and Albert Einstein (1879-1955) revolutionised our understanding of the Universe. With the famous
equation that bears his name, Euler gave scientists a powerful tool for calculating the movements of galaxies in the Universe. With his theory
of general relativity, Einstein demonstrated that the Universe is not
a static framework: it can be distorted by star clusters and galaxies.

Physicists have tested these equations in all sorts of ways, which have
so far proved successful. However, two discoveries continue to put these
models to the test: the acceleration of the Universe's expansion and the existence of invisible dark matter, which is thought to account for 85%
of all matter in the cosmos. Do these mysterious phenomena still obey
the equations of Einstein and Euler? Researchers are still unable to
answer this question.

The missing ingredient "The problem is that current cosmological
data do not allow us to differentiate between a theory that breaks
Einstein's equations and one that breaks Euler's equation. This is what
we demonstrate in our study. We also present a mathematical method for
solving this problem. This is the culmination of ten years of research," explains Camille Bonvin, associate professor in the Department of
Theoretical Physics in the UNIGE Faculty of Science and first author of
the study.

Researchers were unable to differentiate between the validity of these two equations at the very edge of the Universe because they were missing an "ingredient": the measurement of time distortion. "Until then, we only
knew how to measure the speed of celestial objects and the sum of the distortion of time and space. We have developed a method for accessing
this additional measurement, and it's a first," says Camille Bonvin.

If the time distortion is not equal to the sum of time and space --
i.e. the result produced by the theory of general relativity -- this
means that Einstein's model does not work. If the time distortion does
not correspond to the speed of the galaxies calculated with the Euler
equation, this means that the latter is not valid. "This will allow
us to discover whether new forces or matter, which violate these two
theories, exist in the Universe," explains Levon Pogosian, professor
in the Department of Physics at Simon Fraser University, in Canada,
and co-author of the study.

Reality check These results will make a crucial contribution to several missions whose aim is to determine the origin of the accelerated expansion
of the Universe and the nature of dark matter. These include the EUCLID
space telescope, which will be launched in July 2023 by the European
Space Agency (ESA), in collaboration with the UNIGE, and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), which began its 5-year mission in 2021
in Arizona. There is also the international SKA (Square Kilometre Array)
giant radio telescope project in South Africa and Australia, which will
begin observations in 2028/29.

"Our method will be integrated into these different missions. This is
already the case for DESI, whom we have become external collaborators
thanks to this research," Camille Bonvin enthuses. The research team has successfully tested its model on synthetic catalogues of galaxies. The
next stage will involve testing it using the first data supplied by
DESI, as well as identifying the obstacles and minimising the systematic features that could hamper its application.

* RELATED_TOPICS
o Space_&_Time
# Cosmology # Astrophysics # Big_Bang # Dark_Matter
o Matter_&_Energy
# Quantum_Physics # Physics # Albert_Einstein #
Nuclear_Energy
* RELATED_TERMS
o Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe o Shape_of_the_Universe o
Physical_cosmology o Astronomy o Dark_energy o Dark_matter o
Introduction_to_general_relativity o General_relativity

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Universite'_de_Gene`ve. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Bonvin, C., Pogosian, L. Modified Einstein versus modified Euler
for dark
matter. Nat Astron, 2023 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-023-02003-y ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230622120924.htm

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