Humans' evolutionary relatives butchered one another 1.45 million years
ago
Cut marks on a fossil leg bone belonging to a relative of modern humans
were made by stone tools and could be evidence of cannibalism

Date:
June 26, 2023
Source:
Smithsonian
Summary:
Researchers have identified the oldest decisive evidence of humans'
close evolutionary relatives butchering and likely eating one
another.


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FULL STORY ========================================================================== Researchers from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History
have identified the oldest decisive evidence of humans' close evolutionary relatives butchering and likely eating one another.

In a new study published today, June 26, in Scientific Reports, National
Museum of Natural History paleoanthropologist Briana Pobiner and her
co-authors describe nine cut marks on a 1.45 million-year-old left shin
bone from a relative of Homo sapiens found in northern Kenya. Analysis
of 3D models of the fossil's surface revealed that the cut marks were
dead ringers for the damage inflicted by stone tools. This is the oldest instance of this behavior known with a high degree of confidence and specificity.

"The information we have tells us that hominins were likely eating
other hominins at least 1.45 million years ago," Pobiner said. "There
are numerous other examples of species from the human evolutionary tree consuming each other for nutrition, but this fossil suggests that our
species' relatives were eating each other to survive further into the
past than we recognized." Pobiner first encountered the fossilized
tibia, or shin bone, in the collections of the National Museums of
Kenya's Nairobi National Museum while looking for clues about which
prehistoric predators might have been hunting and eating humans' ancient relatives. With a handheld magnifying lens, Pobiner pored over the tibia looking for bite marks from extinct beasts when she instead noticed what immediately looked to her like evidence of butchery.

To figure out if what she was seeing on the surface of this fossil were
indeed cut marks, Pobiner sent molds of the cuts -- made with the same
material dentists use to create impressions of teeth -- to co-author
Michael Pante of Colorado State University. She provided Pante with no
details about what he was being sent, simply asking him to analyze the
marks on the molds and tell her what made them. Pante created 3D scans
of the molds and compared the shape of the marks to a database of 898 individual tooth, butchery and trample marks created through controlled experiments.

The analysis positively identified nine of the 11 marks as clear matches
for the type of damage inflicted by stone tools. The other two marks
were likely bite marks from a big cat, with a lion being the closest
match. According to Pobiner, the bite marks could have come from one of
the three different types of saber-tooth cats prowling the landscape at
the time the owner of this shin bone was alive.

By themselves, the cut marks do not prove that the human relative who
inflicted them also made a meal out of the leg, but Pobiner said this
seems to be the most likely scenario. She explained that the cut marks
are located where a calf muscle would have attached to the bone --
a good place to cut if the goal is to remove a chunk of flesh. The cut
marks are also all oriented the same way, such that a hand wielding a
stone tool could have made them all in succession without changing grip
or adjusting the angle of attack.

"These cut marks look very similar to what I've seen on animal fossils
that were being processed for consumption," Pobiner said. "It seems most
likely that the meat from this leg was eaten and that it was eaten for nutrition as opposed to for a ritual." While this case may appear to
be cannibalism to a casual observer, Pobiner said there is not enough
evidence to make that determination because cannibalism requires that
the eater and the eaten hail from the same species.

The fossil shin bone was initially identified as Australopithecus boisei
and then in 1990 as Homo erectus, but today, experts agree that there is
not enough information to assign the specimen to a particular species of hominin. The use of stone tools also does not narrow down which species
might have been doing the cutting. Recent research from Rick Potts, the National Museum of Natural History's Peter Buck Chair of Human Origins,
further called into question the once-common assumption that only one
genus, Homo, made and used stone tools.

So, this fossil could be a trace of prehistoric cannibalism, but it
is also possible this was a case of one species chowing down on its evolutionary cousin.

None of the stone-tool cut marks overlap with the two bite marks, which
makes it hard to infer anything about the order of events that took
place. For instance, a big cat may have scavenged the remains after
hominins removed most of the meat from the leg bone. It is equally
possible that a big cat killed an unlucky hominin and then was chased
off or scurried away before opportunistic hominins took over the kill.

One other fossil -- a skull first found in South Africa in 1976 --
has previously sparked debate about the earliest known case of human
relatives butchering each other. Estimates for the age of this skull
range from 1.5 to 2.6 million years old. Apart from its uncertain age,
two studies that have examined the fossil (the first published in 2000
and the latter in 2018) disagree about the origin of marks just below
the skull's right cheek bone. One contends the marks resulted from stone
tools wielded by hominin relatives and the other asserts that they were
formed through contact with sharp-edged stone blocks found lying against
the skull. Further, even if ancient hominins produced the marks, it is
not clear whether they were butchering each other for food, given the
lack of large muscle groups on the skull.

To resolve the issue of whether the fossil tibia she and her colleagues
studied is indeed the oldest cut-marked hominin fossil, Pobiner said she
would love to reexamine the skull from South Africa, which is claimed
to have cut marks using the same techniques observed in the present study.

She also said this new shocking finding is proof of the value of museum collections.

"You can make some pretty amazing discoveries by going back into museum collections and taking a second look at fossils," Pobiner said. "Not
everyone sees everything the first time around. It takes a community of scientists coming in with different questions and techniques to keep
expanding our knowledge of the world." This research was supported
by funding from the Smithsonian, the Peter Buck Fund for Human Origins
Research and Colorado State University.

* RELATED_TOPICS
o Earth_&_Climate
# Environmental_Policy # Rainforests # Ecology #
Exotic_Species
o Fossils_&_Ruins
# Fossils # Human_Evolution # Early_Humans # Cultures
* RELATED_TERMS
o Homo_(genus) o Evolutionary_psychology o
Recent_single-origin_hypothesis o Homo_heidelbergensis
o Hotspot_(geology) o Evolution_of_the_horse o
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========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Smithsonian. Note: Content may be
edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Briana Pobiner, Michael Pante, Trevor Keevil. Early Pleistocene cut
marked hominin fossil from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Scientific Reports,
2023; 13 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35702-7 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230626163847.htm

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